Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from 51 to 60.
Public awareness of the value of recycling materials such (51) _______ plastic, paper, and glass is increasing daily in all corners of the globe. In some countries these efforts are being (52) _______ by the local governments and in others, by individuals. Participation in these programs is at an all-time high.
In the small town of Truro in eastern Massachusetts, for example, space in the local landfill has run out; therefore, residents have had to think of new ways to (53) _______ of their trash. With no room for items such as newspaper, bottles, and old lumber at the landfill, local residents have come up with many (54) _______ programs to recycle and / or reuse what was once (55) _______ of as only trash. For instance, yard waste such as leaves and grass which used to be thrown in the landfill is now broken down and made (56) _______ compost used by local people as fertilizer in their gardens. In addition, (57) _______ plastics, newspapers, bottles and cans are sold to a recycling company, thereby bringing in revenue for the town. The most popular local innovation, though has been the founding of a “swap shop.” This is a building to which people bring their unwanted clothing, books, and toys so that others who need them can (58) _______ them.
Since there is so much (59) _______ in all the recycling programs, the dump is seen as a place to meet with friends and neighbours and catch up on local news. There is even an annual September evening “dump dance,” where locals dance to live music and have picnics by candlelight at the dump. This has become a high light of the summer vacation season.
As humankind continues to (60) _______ and the population grows, recycling efforts become even more important. These efforts must continue so that we will soon see new innovations and ideas concerning the use of recycled materials.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions .
The United Nations
In one very long sentence, the introduction to the U.N. Charter expresses the ideals and the common aims of all the peoples whose govemments joined together to form the U.N.
“We the peoples of the U.N. determined to save succeeding generations form the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold suffering to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and of women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in large freedom, and for these ends, to practise tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good and security, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ intemational machinery for the promotion of economic and social advancement of all peoples, have resolved to combine our efforts to accomplish these aims.”
The name ‘United Nations’ is accredited to U.S. President Pranklin Roosevelt, and the first group of representatives of member states met and signed a declaration of common intent on New Year’s Day in 1942. Representatives of five powers worked together to draw up proposals, completed at Dumbarton Oaks in 1944. These proposals, modified after deliberation at the conference on International Organisation in San Francisco which began in April 1945, were finally agreed on and signed as the U.N. Charter by 50 countries on 26 June 1945. It was not until that autumn, however, after the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the U.S.S.R., the U.K. and the U.S. and by a majority of the other participants that the U.N. officially came into existence.
The essential functions of the U.N. are to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate internationally in solving international economic, social, cultural and human problems, promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and to be a centre for co-coordinating the actions of nations in attaining these common ends.
No country takes precedence over another in the U.N. Each member’s rights and obligations are the same. All must contribute to the peaceful settlement of international disputes, and members have pledged to refrain from the threat or use of force against other states. Though the U.N. has no right to intervene in any state’s internal affairs, it tries to ensure that non- inember states act according to its principles of international peace and security. UN members must offer every assistance in an approved UN action and in no way assist states against which the U.N. is taking preventive or enforcement action.
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the reginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world, even the seasonal changes, as unpredictable, and they sought, through various means, to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or weiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.
Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances, and when the entire community did notparticipate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area” and the "auditorium." In addition. there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supematural beings and mimed the dcsired effect - success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun - as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.
Another theory traces the theater’s origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this view; tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of theroles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to thosedances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.