Đề thi thử Đại học môn Tiếng anh đề số 10

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Technology is used for the (51)__________of human needs and production is increased by technology. Science and technology, the (52)__________concerned with know-what and the latter with know-how, are continuously conditioning man's world view and have (53)__________material standards beyond any earlier vision of man's potential. However, in this science and technology are too much concerned with quantity at the expense of (54)________. Technology has made (55)_________the mass production of articles and mass production seems to have reduced the quality of goods. If a motor-car in the past was made to last, today it is made to be throw away and (56)________. While the quality in terms of new features has improved, (57)____________is of little concern to manufacturers. In their drive to expand markets and be competitive, manufacturers ignore quality and are concerned with quantity or the number of products that can be sold. Evolving technology encourages the economy of transience which is fast replacing the economy of permanence of the old world. Medical technology prolongs life and reduces the mortality rate, but the quality of life (58)________. Genetics has increased agricultural productivity, and the Green Revolution that it set in motion has resulted in high-yielding variety of wheat, rice paddy, etc., but they (59)_________the quality which the traditional variety, though low-yielding, had. Alvin Toffler in his Future Shock considers the lowering of costs of manufacture and increased demand as factors (60)__________for the sacrifice of quality. Science and technology should be concerned equally with quality and quantity. This concern is of great importance since science and technology are to make further strides.

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MODERN SURGERY

The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anesthetics. Patients do not often believe they really need surgery — cutting into a part of the body as opposed to treatment with drugs.

In the early years of the twentieth century there was little specialisation in surgery. A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is Crations are now being carried out that were not even dreamedof 60 years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life. Homiever, not every surgeon wants to, or is qualified to carry out every type of modern operation.

The scope of surgery has increased remarkably. Its safety has increased too. The hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for most major operations.

Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include the replacement of damaged blood vessels with stimulated ones made of plastic; the replacement of heart valves with plastic substitutes; the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye; the invention of the artificial kidney to clean the blood of poisons at regular intervals and the development of heart and lung machines to keep patients alive during very long operations. All these things open a hopeful vista for the future of surgery.

One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants. Until a few years ago, no person, except an identical twin, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually killing them. Recently, however, it has been discovered that with the use of x-rays and special drugs, it is possible to graft tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods of a year or more. Kidney's have been successfully transplanted between non-identical twins. Heart and lung transplants have been reasonably successful in animals, though rejection problems in humans have yet to be solved.

'Spare parts' surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a dream of the distant future. As yet, surgery is not ready for such miracles. In the meantime, you can be happy if your doctor says to you. 'Yes, I think it is possible to operate on you for this condition.'

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Pandemic Diseases

Diseases are a natural part of life on Earth. If there were no diseases, the population would grow too quickly, and there would not be enough food or other resources. So in a way, diseases are nature's way of keeping the Earth in balance. But sometimes they spread very quickly and kill large numbers of people. For example, in 1918, an outbreak of the flu spread across the world, killing over 25 million people in only six months. Such terrible outbreaks of a disease are called pandemics.

Pandemics happen when a disease changes in a way that our bodies are not prepared to fight. In 1918, a new type of flu virus appeared. Our bodies had no way to fight this new flu virus, and so it spread very quickly and killed large numbers of people. While there have been many different pandemic diseases throughout history, all of them have a few things in common.

First, all pandemic diseases spread from one person to another very easily.

Second, while they may kill many people, they generally do not kill people very quickly. A good example of this would be the Marburg virus. The Marburg virus is an extremely infectious disease. In addition, it is deadly. About 70-80% of all the people who get the Marburg virus die from the disease. However, the Marburg virus has not become a pandemic because most people die within three days of getting the disease. This means that the virus does not have enough time to spread to a large number of people. The flu virus of 1918, on the other hand, generally took about a week to ten days to kill its victims, so it had more time to spread.

While we may never be able to completely stop pandemics, we can make them less common. Doctors carefully monitor new diseases that they fear could become pandemics. For example, in 2002 and 2003, doctors carefully watched SARS. Their health warnings may have prevented SARS from becoming a pandemic.