Đề thi thử Đại học môn Tiếng anh đề số 28

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On a cold winter day in 1938, a concerned social worker walked anxiously to the door of a rural Pennsylvania farmhouse. (51)_______a case of possible child abuse, 3 the social worker soon discovered a five-year-old girl hidden in a second-floor storage room. The child, (52)______name was Anna, was wedged into an old chair with her arms tied above her head (53)_______she could not move. She was wearing filthy garments, and her arms and legs were as thin (54)__________matchsticks.

Anna's situation can only be described as tragic. She was born in 1932 (55)________an unmarried mentally impaired woman of twenty-six who lived with her father. Enraged by his daughter's "illegitimate" motherhood, the grandfather did not even want the child in his home. Anna, therefore, (56)_________the early months of her life in the custody of various welfare agencies. But her mother was unable to pay for this care, so Anna returned to the home (57)________she was not wanted. Because of her grandfather's hostility and her mother's indifference, Anna lived alone in a room where she received little attention and just enough milk to keep her (58)_______. There she stayed—day after day, month after month, with virtually no human contact—for five years.

 Upon learning of the discovery of Anna, sociologist Kingsley Davis traveled immediately to see the child. He found her in a county home, (59)_________   local authorities had taken her. Davis was appalled by the sight or the emace child, who could not laugh, speak, or even smile. Anna was completely (60)_______, as if alone in an empty world. 

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The Sahel zone lies between the Sahara desert and the fertile land of northern Nigeria and southern Sudan. Unfortunately, over the last century the Sahara desert has steadily crept southwards eating into once productive Sehel lands. United Nations surveys show that over 70 percent of the dry land in agricultural use in Africa has deteriorated over the last 30 years. Droughts have become more prolonged and more severe, the most recent lasting over twenty years in parts of the Sahel region. The same process of desertification is taking place across southern Africa as the Kalahari desert advances into Botswana.

One of the major causes of this desert advance is poor agricultural land use, driven by the pressures of increasing population. Overgrazing-keeping too many farm animals on the land - means that grasses and other plants cannot recover, and scarce water supplies are exhausted. Overcultivation — trying to grow too many crops on poor land — results in the soil becoming even less fertile and drier, and beginning to break up. Soil erosion follows, and the land turns into desert. Another reason of desertification is loss of tree cover. Trees are cut down for use as fuel and to clear land for agricultural use. Tree roots help to bind the soil together, to conserve moisture, and to provide a habitat for other plants and animals. When trees are cut down, the soil begins to dry and loosen, wind and rain erosion increase, other plant specifies die, and eventually the fertile topsoil may be almost entirely lost, leaving only bare rock and dust.

The effects of loss of topsoil and increased drought are irreversible. They are, however, preventable. Careful conservation of tree cover and sustainable agricultural land use have been shown to halt deterioration of soils and jen the effects of shortage of rainfall. One project in Kita in sout ali funded by the UNDP has involved local communities in sustainable management of forest, while at the same time providing a viable agricultural economy based on the production of soaps, bee-keeping, and marketing nuts. This may be a model for similar project in other West African countries.

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According to some accounts, the first optical telescope was accidentally, invented in the 1600s by children who put two glass lenses together while playing with them in a Dutch optical shop. The owner of the shop, Hans Lippershey, looked through the lenses and was amazed by the way they made the nearby church look so much larger. Soon after that, he invented a device that he called a "looker," a long thin tube where light passed in a straight line from the front lens to the viewing lens at the other aid of the tube. In 1608 he tried to sell his invention unsuccessfully. In the e year, someone described the "looker" to the Italian scientist Galileo, who made his own version of the device. In 1610 Galileo used his version to make observations of the Moon, the planet Jupiter, and the Milky Way. In April of 1611, Galileo showed his device to guests at a banquet in his honor. One of the guests suggested a name for the device: telescope.

When Isaac Newton began using Galileo's telescope more than a century later, he noticed a problem. The type of telescope that Galileo designed is called a refractor because the front lens bends, or refracts, the light. However, the curved front lens also caused the light to be separated into colors. This meant that when Newton looked through the refracting telescope, the images of bright objects appeared with a ring of colors around them. This sometimes interfered with viewing. He solved this problem by designing a new type of telescope that used a curved mirror. This mirror concentrated the light and reflected a beam of light to the eyepiece at the other end of the telescope. Because Newton used a mirror, his telescope was called a reflector.

Very much larger optical telescopes can now be found in many parts of the world, built on hills and mountains far from city lights. The world's largest refracting telescope is located at the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin. Another telescope stands on Mount Palomar in California. This huge reflecting telescope was for many years the largest reflecting telescope in the world until an even larger reflecting telescope was built in the Caucasus Mountains. A fourth famous reflector telescope, the Keck Telescope situated on a mountain in Hawaii, does not use a single large mirror to collect the light. Instead, the Keck uses the combined light that rails on thirty-six mirrors.

Radio telescopes, like optical telescopes, allow astronomers to collect data from outer space, but they are different in important ways. First of all, they look very different because instead of light waves, they collect radio waves. Thus, in the place of lenses or mirrors, radio telescopes employ bowl-shaped disks that resemble huge TV satellite dishes. Also, apart from their distinctive appearance, radio telescopes and optical telescopes use different methods to record the information they collect. Optical telescopes use cameras to take photographs of visible objects, while radio telescopes use radio receivers to record radio waves from distant objects in space.