Read the following passage about and mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to
Read the following passage about and mark the letter A, B, C, D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.
[I] Days of extreme heat are becoming more common due to the effects of climate change, especially in urban areas. [II] However, there are a few simple solutions that cities around the world are implementing for now to keep people a little more comfortable while we try to come up with long-term measures. [III]
Many cities like Melbourne are carrying out massive tree-planting efforts to increase their canopy cover, which is the area of ground covered by trees. [IV] Covering cities with trees has multiple benefits, but one is obvious: As trees shade streets and water evaporates from their leaves, they cool neighbourhoods. Taking this into consideration, a program in the city of Dallas mapped the hottest areas of the city and started planting them on key pedestrian routes, like the paths that students take to school. And Madrid is taking things one step further: the city embarked on a plan in 2016 to begin planting greenery wherever space is available. In some cases, greenery is going directly on buildings. In Milan, for example, the Bosco Verticale ("Vertical Forest") building is covered with trees on balconies.
Coating streets and roofs is also an interesting solution. New York City has coated more than 10 million square feet of rooftops with a white, reflective coating over the last decade. The coating helps lower temperatures inside buildings, helping people feel more comfortable and use less air conditioning, which is beneficial since air conditioners are also a major source of greenhouse gas emissions and make cities immediately hotter as they release heat. Green roofs can play a similar role in cooling buildings and at a larger scale. In such a large city, one roof garden may not do much, but if you consider the aggregate effect of multiple gardens, you can see that the future impact will be tremendous.
Beyond just changing the built environments, cities can also reduce temperatures by rethinking the ways in which people get around them. Cars emit not only greenhouse gas but also emit waste heat, making cities even hotter on hot days. Also, the existence of the car led to sprawling streets and parking lots covered in pavement that raises local temperatures. Therefore, cities that motivate people to drive less—whether by redesigning bike lanes and sidewalks or building new houses and apartments near public transportation networks—may be able to considerably cool themselves down.
(Adapted from fastcompany.com)
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