Đánh giá năng lực Hà Nội
Đánh giá năng lực Hà Nội
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions
Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory.
There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short term memory by chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.
When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in "rote rehearsal". By repeating something over and over again, one is able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear.
When a pen and paper are not handy, people often attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before a person has the opportunity to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number instantly. Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice "elaborate rehearsal". This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long term memories.
Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can easily recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often; however, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting.
The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.
Trả lời cho các câu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 dưới đây:
Đáp án đúng là: A
Thông tin ở câu số 4 đoạn 1: “Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area.”
Đáp án đúng là: C
“elapse” = “pass”: trôi qua (thường nói về thời gian)
Đáp án đúng là: C
“STM”, “sensory storage area” và “long term memory” đều được nhắc đến trong bài:
- Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. (đoạn 1)
- By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage. (cuối đoạn 2)
Đáp án đúng là: B
THông tin: “If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before a person has the opportunity to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number instantly.” Tức là: “a type of interruption”
Đáp án đúng là: C
THông tin ở cuối đoạn 2: “By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.”
Đáp án đúng là: A
THông tin:
- many people engage in "rote rehearsal". By repeating something over and over again, one is able to keep a memory alive.
- one can increase the capacity of the short term memory by chunking…
Vì thế có thể thấy “rote rotation” hiệu suất cao hơn “chunking”
Đáp án đúng là: B
“it” được thay thế cho “information” trong vế trước: “Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable.”
Đáp án đúng là: C
“elaborate” = “complex”: tỉ mỉ, công phu, phức tạp
Đáp án đúng là: D
Trong bài chỉ viết: “multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.” Chứ không đồng nghĩa rằng: “Multiple choice exams are the most difficult.”
Đáp án đúng là: D
“cue” = ”clue”: dấu hiệu, cảnh báo (ví dụ như 1 từ, 1 cụm từ, bức tranh,…nào đó có khả năng làm dấu hiệu)
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