Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled - a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.
Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.
However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In such a region, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The result is an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact, the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however, has a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.
An air pollutant is defined as a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals, vegetation, or materials adversely. Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change. When the first air pollution laws were established in England in the fourteenth century, air pollutants were limited to compounds that could be seen or smelled - a far cry from the extensive list of harmful substances known today. As technology has developed and knowledge of the health aspects of various chemicals has increased, the list of air pollutants has lengthened. In the future, even water vapor might be considered an air pollutant under certain conditions.
Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature. As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil. On a global basis, nature's output of these compounds dwarfs that resulting from human activities.
However, human production usually occurs in a localized area, such as a city. In such a region, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles. The result is an increased concentration of noxious chemicals in the air. The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities. The actual concentration need not be large for a substance to be a pollutant; in fact, the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area. For example, sulfur dioxide has detectable health effects at 0.08 parts per million (ppm), which is about 400 times its natural level. Carbon monoxide, however, has a natural level of 0.1 ppm and is not usually a pollutant until its level reaches about 15 ppm.
Trả lời cho các câu 142136, 142137, 142138, 142139, 142140, 142141, 142142, 142143, 142144, 142145 dưới đây:
Đáp án đúng là: A
A – Bài văn chủ yếu nói về các chất độc hại, tạo thành chất thải ô nhiễm.
Đáp án đúng là: A
A – adversely = negatively (một cách tiêu cực).
Đáp án đúng là: D
D – Dòng thứ 2, đoạn thứ nhất. “Air pollution requires a very flexible definition that permits continuous change.” (Sự ô nhiễm không khí đòi hỏi một định nghĩa rất linh hoạt để thích ứng với sự thay đổi liên tục theo thời gian.)
Đáp án đúng là: D
D – Dòng thứ 10, đoạn thứ hai. “As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil.” (Khi Trái Đất phát triển, sự tập trung các chất ô nhiễm được thay thế bởi nhiều phản ứng hoá học; phản ứng hoá học trở thành thành phần của vòng tuần hoàn sinh-địa-hoá. Những thành phần của vòng tuần hoàn sinh-địa-hoá này sẽ đóng vai trò là một hệ thống thanh lọc không khí bằng cách để các chất thành phần chuyển từ thể khí sang thể lỏng sang thể rắn.)
Đáp án đúng là: D
D - Dòng thứ 10, đoạn thứ hai. “As the Earth developed, the concentration of these pollutants was altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycles. These serve as an air purification scheme by allowing the compounds to move from the air to the water or soil.” (Khi Trái Đất phát triển, sự tập trung các chất ô nhiễm được thay thế bởi nhiều phản ứng hoá học; phản ứng hoá học trở thành thành phần của vòng tuần hoàn sinh-địa-hoá. Những thành phần của vòng tuần hoàn sinh-địa-hoá này sẽ đóng vai trò là một hệ thống thanh lọc không khí bằng cách để các chất thành phần chuyển từ thể khí sang thể lỏng sang thể rắn.)
Đáp án đúng là: C
C – Dòng thứ 13. Đoạn thứ ba. “In such a region, human output may be dominant and may temporarily overload the natural purification scheme of the cycles.” (Ở những khu vực như thế, chất thải của con người có thể chiếm chủ yếu và có thể tạm thời lấn át hệ thống thanh lọc không khí tự nhiên.”
Đáp án đúng là: C
C – localized = specified (cụ thể).
Đáp án đúng là: D
D – Dòng thứ 17, đoạn thứ ba. “in fact, the numerical value tells us little until we know how much of an increase this represents over the concentration that would occur naturally in the area.” (Trên thực tế, giá trị bằng số nói lên được rất ít cho đến khi chúng ta biết con số này đã vượt quá con số thực trong tự nhiên bao nhiêu.)
Đáp án đúng là: A
A – detectable = measurable (có thể tính toán được)
Đáp án đúng là: A
A – Đoạn thứ nhất, vì định nghĩa về ô nhiễm không khí thường xuyên thay đổi nên các chính quyền địa phương cần luôn xem xét lại luật của mình để kiểm soát tốt hơn sự ô nhiễm không khí.)
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