Read the passage carefully. Choose an option (A, B, C, or D) that best answers each question. The Roman world
Read the passage carefully. Choose an option (A, B, C, or D) that best answers each question.
The Roman world possessed a unique cohesion unparalleled by other civilizations, ancient or modern, including Greece. Comparable to the tightly fitted stones of a Roman wall held together by both design and potent cement, the Roman realm formed a colossal and unified entity through physical, organizational, and psychological means. Physically, this unity was maintained by a network of military garrisons spanning every province and a meticulously constructed system of roads connecting them to Rome. Organizationally, it was grounded in shared principles of law and administration, overseen by a ubiquitous corps of officials upholding uniform standards. Psychologically, control was exerted through fear and the certainty of punishment, ensuring the swift obliteration of any threat to Roman authority.
The origins of Rome's fixation on unity and coherence likely stem from its early developmental trajectory. Unlike Greece, which emerged from numerous disparate city-states, Rome sprouted from a singular entity. While Greek expansion unfolded along Mediterranean trade routes, Rome's domain expanded through territorial conquest. Admittedly, the dichotomy isn't absolute: Alexander the Great stands as history's preeminent land conqueror, and Romans, once venturing beyond Italy, assimilated maritime strategies. Nevertheless, a fundamental disparity persists. Greek prowess hinged on formidable naval forces, while Romans might rely on its formidable legions. Greeks were mariners by nature; Romans were rooted in terrestrial pursuits. The Greek ethos was seafaring; the Romans were grounded in land-based endeavors.
A central factor in understanding the Roman phenomenon is their emphasis on territorial expansion and control. Roman priorities revolved around the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. It is likely that the fertile plains of Latium, the origin of the Latin founders of Rome, fostered a culture centered on land ownership, agriculture, and a stable, land-based society with its own system of administration. This focus on land arguably laid the foundation for Roman excellence in military organization and orderly government. Furthermore, a deep attachment to the land and the stability associated with rural life likely cultivated core Roman virtues: gravitas (a sense of responsibility), pietas (devotion to family and country), and iustitia (a sense of the natural order).
Modern perspectives on Roman civilization encompass a spectrum of admiration and disdain. As with many historical evaluations, some scholars exhibit a predilection for power, finding Roman strength more captivating than Greek finesse. Conversely, a substantial body of opinion holds Rome in lower regard. For these critics, Rome, at best, represents a large-scale imitation and continuation of Greek achievements. Greek civilization, they argue, possessed inherent quality, while Rome offered mere quantity. Originality is attributed to Greece, whereas Rome is seen as derivative. Style is considered a Greek characteristic, while Rome is associated with wealth. The Greeks, in this view, were the inventors, and Rome, the department of research and development. This sentiment was even echoed by some Roman intellectuals themselves. Horace, in his Epistles, ponders: "Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we, what work of ancient date would now exist?"
The influence of Greece on Rome was extensive. Roman religion and moral philosophy were largely adopted from Greek traditions. Latin literature demonstrably drew inspiration from Greek models, and fluency in Greek was considered a hallmark of an educated Roman. Speculative philosophy and the sciences witnessed minimal Roman advancement beyond foundational Greek achievements.
However, it would be an oversimplification to depict Rome as a subordinate partner in Greco-Roman civilization. Roman ingenuity manifested in novel areas, particularly law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Furthermore, the internal conflicts within the Roman state fostered literary and artistic expression of exceptional quality. Indeed, the confluence of military and political leadership with literary talent amongst many prominent Romans was not a coincidence.
Trả lời cho các câu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 dưới đây:
According to the passage, what was one of the psychological tools Rome used to maintain unity?
Đáp án đúng là: C
Đáp án cần chọn là: C
The passage is mainly about _______.
Đáp án đúng là: C
Đáp án cần chọn là: C
The word “cohesion” in the first paragraph probably means________.
Đáp án đúng là: B
Đáp án cần chọn là: B
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way Rome maintained its cohesion?
Đáp án đúng là: C
Đáp án cần chọn là: C
Which of the following gives the main idea of the third paragraph?
Đáp án đúng là: C
Đáp án cần chọn là: C
The passage implies that some modern scholars ________.
Đáp án đúng là: B
Đáp án cần chọn là: B
The word “they” in paragraph 4 refers to _________.
Đáp án đúng là: D
Đáp án cần chọn là: D
Which of the following is mentioned as a Roman contribution to civilization?
Đáp án đúng là: C
Đáp án cần chọn là: C
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