Dạng bài Đọc hiểu lớp 12
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Bài 76:
Read the following passage and blacken the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions .
Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time , but the availability of fresh meat , like that of fresh milk, was very limited, there was no way to prevent spoilage. But in 1810 a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the cooking and sealing process of canning. And in the 1850s an American named Gail Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and condensed milk became more common during the 1860’s, but supplies remained low because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year.
Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for American to vary their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer periods. Thus, by the 1890’s, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most , for up to six months of the year . In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented in the 1870’s, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920’s and 1930’s.
Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.
Câu hỏi số 1:
What does the passage mainly discuss?
Câu hỏi số 2:
The phrase “in season” in paragraph 1 refers to __________ .
Câu hỏi số 3:
The word “prevent” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to __________ .
Câu hỏi số 4:
During the 1860’s, canned food products were _____________ .
Câu hỏi số 5:
It can be inferred that railroad refrigerator cars came into use __________ .
Câu hỏi số 6:
The word “them” in paragraph 2 refers to __________ .
Câu hỏi số 7:
The word “fixture” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to__________ .
Câu hỏi số 8:
The author implies that in the 1920’s and 1930’s home deliveries of ice __________ .
Câu hỏi số 9:
Which of the following types of food preservation was not mentioned in the passage?
Câu hỏi số 10:
Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
Bài 77:
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own food. The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a non-elective part of parental care and the defining features of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals - whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals - have in common.
But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects their young after they have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.
For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to their productive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animal’s life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that the moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size. And in a meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do not survive.
Câu hỏi số 1:
What does the passage mainly discuss?
Câu hỏi số 2:
The author lists various animals in line 5 (paragraph 1) to _______ .
Câu hỏi số 3:
The word ‘tend’ in line 6 (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to _________ .
Câu hỏi số 4:
What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their young?
Câu hỏi số 5:
According to the passage, how do some insects make sure their young have food?
Câu hỏi số 6:
The word ‘edge’ in line 15 (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to _________ .
Câu hỏi số 7:
According to the passage, young animals are most defenseless when ________ .
Câu hỏi số 8:
The word ‘shielded’ in line 20 (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to _________ .
Bài 78:
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions .
Experiments have shown that in selecting personnel for a job, interviewing is at best a hindrance, and may even cause harm. These studies have disclosed that the judgments of interviewers differ markedly and bear little or no relationship to the adequacy of job applicants. Of the many reasons why this should be the case, three in particular stand out. The first reason is related to an error of judgment known as the halo effect. If a person has one noticeable good trait, their other characteristics will be judged as better than they really are. Thus, an individual who dresses smartly and shows self-confidence is likely to be judged capable of doing a job well regardless of his or her real ability.
Interviewers are also prejudiced by an effect called the primacy effect. This error occurs when interpretation of later information is distorted by earlier connected information. Hence, in an interview situation, the interviewer spends most of the interview trying to confirm the impression given by the candidate in the first few moments. Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that such an impression is unrelated to the aptitude of the applicant.
The phenomenon known as the contrast effect also skews the judgment of interviewers. A suitable candidate may be underestimated because he or she contrasts with a previous one who appears exceptionally intelligent. Likewise, an average candidate who is preceded by one who gives a weak showing may be judged as more suitable than he or she really is.
Since interviewers as a form of personnel selection have been shown to be inadequate, other selection procedures have been devised which more accurately predict candidate suitability. Of the various tests devised, the predictor which appears to do this most successfully is cognitive ability as measured by a variety of verbal and spatial tests.
Câu hỏi số 1:
This passage mainly discusses the _______ .
Câu hỏi số 2:
The word ‘hindrance’ is closest meaning to _______ .
Câu hỏi số 3:
The word ’they’ refers to _______ .
Câu hỏi số 4:
According to the passage, the halo effect _______ .
Câu hỏi số 5:
According to the passage, the first impression _______ .
Câu hỏi số 6:
The word ‘skews’ is similar to _______.
Câu hỏi số 7:
The word ‘this’ refers to_______ .
Câu hỏi số 8:
The author mentions all of the following reasons why interviewing is not an accurate way to predict candidate suitability EXCEPT the _________ .
Câu hỏi số 9:
The paragraphs following the passage most likely discuss which of the following?
Câu hỏi số 10:
Where in the passage does the author discuss the effect of comparing two candidates?
Bài 79:
Read the passage, then choose the correct answer to each of the questions that follow.
In ancient times wealth was measured and exchanged tangibly, in things that could be touched: food, tools, and precious metals and stones. Then barter system was replaced by coins, which still had real value since they were pieces of rare metal. Coins were followed by flat money, paper notes that have value only because everyone agrees to accept them.
Today electronic monetary systems are gradually being introduced that will transform money into even less tangible forms, reducing it to arrays of „bits and bytes‟ or units of computerized information, whizzing between machines at the speed of light. Already, electronic fund transfer allows money to be instantly sent and received by different banks, companies, and countries through computers and telecommunication devices.
Câu hỏi số 1:
Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
Câu hỏi số 2:
According to the passage, which of the following was the earliest kind of exchange of wealth?
Câu hỏi số 3:
The author mentions food, tools and precious metals and stones because they are all ______ .
Câu hỏi số 4:
According to the passage, coins once had real value as currency because they______.
Câu hỏi số 5:
Which of the following statements about computerized monetary systems is NOT supported by the passage?
Bài 80:
Read the passage, then choose the correct answer to each of the questions that follow.
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution. The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.
In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them. In manufacturing, the transformation was marked by the emergence of a "new factory system" in which plants became larger, more complex, and more systematically organized and managed. And in distribution, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber, the wholesaler, and the mass retailer. These changes radically altered the nature of work during the half century between 1870 and 1920.
To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the sweatshops in city tenements, where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clothing or cigars on a piecework basis. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single buildings. But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 and to 8.4 million in 1920, the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned, as did the size of the average plant. (The Baldwin Works had 600 employees in 1855, 3,000 in 1875, and 8,000 in 1900.) By 1920, at least in the northeastern United States where most of the nation's manufacturing wage earners were concentrated, three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100 employees and 30 percent worked in factories with more than 1,000 employees.
Câu hỏi số 1:
The word "domains" in line 3 is closest in meaning to ______ .
Câu hỏi số 2:
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
Câu hỏi số 3:
The word "fundamental" in line 7 is closest in meaning to _______ .
Câu hỏi số 4:
Which of the following was NOT mentioned as part of the "new factory system?"
Câu hỏi số 5:
Which of the following statements about manufacturing before 1870 can be inferred from the passage?
Câu hỏi số 6:
The word "skilled" in line 15 is closest in meaning to ______.
Câu hỏi số 7:
The words "presided over" in line 19 are closest in meaning to ______ .
Câu hỏi số 8:
The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in lines 21-22 because it was ______ .
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