Dạng bài Đọc hiểu lớp 12
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Bài 141:
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Social parasitism involves one species relying on another to raise its young. Among vertebrates, the best known social parasites are such birds as cuckoos and cowbirds; the female lay eggs in a nest belonging to another species and leaves it for the host to rear.
The dulotic species of ants, however, are the supreme social parasites. Consider, for example, the unusual behavior of ants belonging to the genus Polyergus. All species of this ant have lost the ability to care for themselves. The workers do not forage for food, feed their brood or queen, or even clean their own nest. To compensate for these deficits, Polyergus has become specialized at obtaining workers from the related genus Formica to do these chores.
In a raid, several thousand Polyergus workers will travel up to 500 feet in search of a Formica nest, penetrate it, drive off the queen and her workers, capture the pupal brood. and transport it back to their nest. The captured brood is then reared by the resident Formica workers until the developing pupae emerge to add to the Formica food and give it to colony members of both species. They also remove wastes and excavate new chambers as the population increases.
The true extent of the Polyergus ants’ dependence on the Formica becomes apparent when the worker population grows too large for the existing nest. Formica scouts locate a new nesting site, return to the mixed-species colony, and recruit additional Formica nest mates. During a period that may last seven days, the Formica workers carry to the new nest all the Polyergus egas, larvae, and pupae, every Polyergus adult, and even the Polyergus queen.
Of the approximately 8,000 species of ants in the vvorld, all 5 species of Polyergus and some 200 species in other genera have evolved some degree of parasitic relationship with other ants.
Notes:
- parasite (n): an animal or plant that lives on or in another animal or plant of a different type and feeds from it (động thực vật kí sinh).
- parasitism (n): a type of non-mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host (sự kí sinh).
- vertebrate (n): an animal that has a spine (động vật có xương sống).
- dulotic (adj): of or about a practice of some ants, in which one species forces members of a different species to do the work of the colony
- genus (n - plural genera): a group of animals or plants, more closely related than a family, but less similar than a species (giống, loại).
- brood (n): a group of young animals all born at the same time (lứa, đoàn. bầy).
- pupal (adj): of or about an insect in the stage of development which happens before it is completely developed (thuộc con nhộng).
Câu hỏi số 1:
Which of the following statements best represents the main idea of the passage?
Câu hỏi số 2:
The word “raise” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to __________ .
Câu hỏi số 3:
The author mentions “cuckoos and cowbirds” in paragraph 1 because they ________ .
Câu hỏi số 4:
The word “it” in parasraph 1 refers to ____________ .
Câu hỏi số 5:
What does the author mean by stating that “The dulotic species of ants ... are the supreme social parasites”?
Câu hỏi số 6:
Which of the following is a task that an ant of the genus Polyergus might do?
Câu hỏi số 7:
The word “excavate” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to __________ .
Câu hỏi số 8:
The word “recruit” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to __________ .
Câu hỏi số 9:
What happens when a mixed colony of Polyergus and Formica ants become too large?
Câu hỏi số 10:
According to the information in the passage, all of the following terms refer to ants belonging to the genus Formica EXCEPT the _________ .
Bài 142:
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Prehistoric horses were far removed from the horses that Christopher Columbus brought on his ships during his second voyage to the New World. Although fossilremains of “dawn horses” have been excavated in several sites in Wyoming and New Mexico, these animals, which were biologically different from contemporarily horses, had been extinct several millennia before onset of the Indian era. Although moviegoers visualize an Indian as a horse rider, Indians were not familiar with horses until the Spanish brought them to Mexico, New Mexico, Florida, and the West Indies in 1519. Those that escaped from the conquerors or were left behind became the ancestors of the wild horses that still roam the southwestern regions of the country. The Indian tribe scattered in the western plains began to breed horses about 1600.The arrival of the horse produced a ripple effect throughout the Great Plains as theIndians living there were not nomadic and engaged in rudimentary farming and grazing land hunting. Tracking stampeding herds of buffalo and elk on foot was not the best way to stock quantities of meat to adequately feed the entire tribe during the winter. However, mounted on horses, the hunting team could cover ground within a substantial distance from their camps and transport their game back to be roasted, dried into jerky, or smoke for preservation. The hunters responsible for tribe provisions stayed on the move almost continuously, replacing their earth-and-sod lodges with tepees. Horses carried not only their riders but also their possessions and booty. The Blackfoot Indians of the Canadian plains turned almost exclusive hunters, and the Crow split off from the mainstream Indian farming in favor of hunting. In fact, some of the Apache splinter groups abandoned agricultural cultivation altogether.The horse also drastically altered Indian warfare by allowing rapid maneuvering before, during, and after skirmishes. With the advent of the horse, the Apache. Arapahoe. and Cheyenne established themselves as territorial monopoly in the Plains. Because Indians did not have the wheel and had dragged their belongings from one settlement to another, horses also enabled them to become more mobile and expedient during tribal migration. In fact, the Cheyenne abolished the custom of discarding belongings and tepee skins simply because there were no means to transport them.
Notes:
- ripple effect (n): ảnh hưởng dây chuyền.
- nomadic (adj): nay đây mai đó, du cư
- stampede (v): chạy tán loạn
- game (n): thú săn, thịt thú săn ( nghĩa trong bài)
Câu hỏi số 1:
The word “excavated” is closest in meaning to_____
Câu hỏi số 2:
According to the passage, how many genetic species of horses are known today?
Câu hỏi số 3:
The word “Those" refers to______
Câu hỏi số 4:
According to the passage, American Indians______
Câu hỏi số 5:
The author of the passage probably believes that the popular images of American Indians before the arrival of Europeans_____.
Câu hỏi số 6:
According to the passage, after the arrival of Europeans, the Indian tribes inhabiting the Great Plains______
Câu hỏi số 7:
The word “provisions" is closest in meaning to_____
Câu hỏi số 8:
According to the passage, American Indians invented various methods for____
Câu hỏi số 9:
It can be inferred from the passage that Indians did NOT____
Câu hỏi số 10:
It can be inferred from the passage that the arrival of horses in America_______
Bài 143:
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct annswer to each of the questions.
Human memory, formerly believed to be rather inefficient, ỉs really more sophisticated than that of a computer. Researchers approaching the problem from a variety of viewpoints have all concluded that there is a great deal more stored in our minds than has been generally supposed. Dr. Wilder Pentleld, a Canadian neurosurgeon, proved that by stimulating their brains electrically, he could elicit the total recall of complex events in his subjects' lives. Even dreams and other minor events supposedly forgotten for many years suddenly emerged in detail.
The memory trace is the term for whatever forms the internal representation of the specific information about the event stored in the memory. Assumed to have been made by structural changes in the brain, the memory trace is not subject to direct observation but is rather a theoretical construct that is used to speculate about how information presented at a particular time can cause performance at a later time. Most theories include the strength of the memory trace as a variable in the degrees of learning, retention, and retrieval possible a memory. One theory is that the fantastic capacity for storage in the brain is the result of an almost unlimited combination of interconnections between brain cells, stimulated by patterns of activity. Repeated references to the same information support recall. Or, to say that another way, improved performance is the result of strengthening the chemical bonds in the memory.
Câu hỏi số 1:
With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?
Câu hỏi số 2:
The word “formerly” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by ________ .
Câu hỏi số 3:
The word “that” in paragraph 1 refers to ________ .
Câu hỏi số 4:
Compared with a computer, human memory is ___________ .
Câu hỏi số 5:
According to the passage, researchers have concluded that _________ .
Câu hỏi số 6:
The word “elicit” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____________.
Câu hỏi số 7:
How did Penfield stimulate dreams and other minor events from the past?
Câu hỏi số 8:
The word “bonds” in the last sentence of the passage means _________ .
Câu hỏi số 9:
According to the passage, the capacity for storage in the brain ___________ .
Câu hỏi số 10:
All of the following are true of memory trace EXCEPT that _________ .
Bài 144:
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Although speech is the most advanced form communication, there are many ways of communicating without using speech. Signals, signs, symbols, and gestures may be found in every known culture. The basic function of a signal is to impinge upon the environment in such a way that it attracts attention as, for example, the dots and dashes of a teleeraph circuit. Coded to refer to speech, the potential for communication is very great. Less adaptable to the confiscation of words, signs also contain meaning in and of themselves. A stop sign or a barber pole conveys meaning quickly and conveniently. Symbols are more difficult to describe than either signals or signs because of their intricate relationship with the receiver’s cultural perceptions. In some cultures, applauding in a theater provides performers with an auditory symbol of approval. Gestures sucli as waving and handshaking also communicate certain cultural messages.
Although signals, signs, symbols and gestures are very useful, they do have a major disadvantage. They usually do not allow ideas to be shared without the sender being directly adjacent to the receiver. As a result, means of communication intended to be used for long distances and extended periods are based upon speech. Radio, television and the telephone are only a few.
Câu hỏi số 1:
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
Câu hỏi số 2:
What does the author say about speech?
Câu hỏi số 3:
According to the passage, what is a signal?
Câu hỏi số 4:
The phrase “impinge upon” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________ .
Câu hỏi số 5:
The word “it” in paragraph 1 refers to _________ .
Câu hỏi số 6:
The word “potential" in paragraph 1 could be replaced by ________ .
Câu hỏi số 7:
The word “intricate” in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by ________ .
Câu hỏi số 8:
Applauding was cited as an example of _________ .
Câu hỏi số 9:
Why were the telephone, radio, and TV invented?
Câu hỏi số 10:
It may be concluded from this passage that _____________ .
Bài 145:
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects - an estimated 90percent of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875, one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour’s walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase. In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary,practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
Notes:
- terrestrial (adj): ở cạn, sống trên mặt đất
- vertebrate (n): động vật có xương sống
- arbitrary (adj): tùy tiện, tùy hứng
- preponderance (n): sự trội hơn
Câu hỏi số 1:
The word “consequence” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_____
Câu hỏi số 2:
The word “striking” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_______
Câu hỏi số 3:
Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues because they______
Câu hỏi số 4:
The word “exceed” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to_______
Câu hỏi số 5:
What is the most distinguishing feature of butterfly diversity in the past century?
Câu hỏi số 6:
Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
Câu hỏi số 7:
All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity EXCEPT_______
Câu hỏi số 8:
Which aspects of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?
Câu hỏi số 9:
The author mentions "tropical Asia” in paragraph 3 as an example of a location where_______
Câu hỏi số 10:
The word “generated" in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to_____
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