Đề thi thử Đại học môn Tiếng Anh năm 2014 trường THPT chuyên Nguyễn Huệ

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For many years, scientists have speculated that the cataclysmic impact of an asteroid with the earth was responsible for the demise of the dinosaurs approximately 65 million years ago. Previous discoveries and results have hinted that an asteroid two kilometers in diameter struck the Yucatan peninsula in Eastern Mexico. This impact, stronger than one thousand nuclear explosions, is speculated to have cast a cloud of dust and debris into the atmosphere, covering the entire surface of the earth and blocking out the sun and consequently lowering the surface temperature of the earth. With such a radical change in the earth’s environment, scientists believe that over 99% of all animal and plant species were eradicated. Only after millions of years did plants and animals even begin to recover. But, the reign of the dinosaurs had ended and the age of mammals had begun.

The crucial link that has held this theory together has been the element iridium. Iridium is not commonly found on either the surface of the earth or inside the crust. It is more commonly found in asteroids or meteorites throughout the solar system. Scientists have hypothesized that after the asteroid impacted the earth, an even layer of iridium sediment settled over the globe and eventually became part of its surface. The theory, of course, has depended on the discovery of such an existing layer of iridium.

Unfortunately scientists have never been able to offer absolute proof that this asteroid impact ever occurred. Recently, however, a discovery may go a long way toward validating these scientists’ theories. In 1996, a team of marine biologists excavated samples of rock from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean just the coast of Bermuda. Found thousands of meters below the sea, these samples contain iridium similar to those found in the Yucatan peninsula thousands of kilometers away. At first, scientists were skeptical whether the samples were from the same time period. But since carbon dating placed them to 65 million years ago, their doubts were quickly alleviated. Since then many of the other theories for the demise of the dinosaur have been finally laid to rest.

 

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While many nineteenth-century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remake society by founding ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic thinkers.

Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen, Charles Fourier and John Humphrey Noyes Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of several thriving textile mills in Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human problems and that these problems could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825 he put his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced many Americans through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained Fourier-ism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes”. One or more of these phalanxes was organized in every Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm, Massachusetts. An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns of American society.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word for each of the blanks from question 61 to 70. 

OLD AND ACTIVE

It is well known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A (61) ______ report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world . A healthy long life is the result of the improvement in social environment. Scientists are trying to work (62) ______ exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we (63) ______ any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret (64) ______ in the Japanese diet that is particularly (65) ______ to the human body?

Another factor (66) ______ to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate. Although longer life should be celebrated, it is (67) ______ considered a social problem. The number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs. The country could soon be (68) ______ an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after, and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them.

(69) ______ the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a (70) ______ of responsibility and mission in life. It’s important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.

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